Understanding later Wittgenstein is thus vital for engaging in contemporary philosophy, but neither the interpretation nor the evaluation of his thought is straightforward or easy. Phil was stabbed to death by his son, who habitually used hallucinogenic drugs, in one of the most shocking tragedies in . The real question, then, seems to be whether, and how, free choice is possible amidst all of these influences. Aristotle expresses in these books were instrumental in setting an intellectual agenda that dominated western thought through the Middle Ages and provided the backdrop against which the modern philosophical tradition arose. Both stances face severe difficulties. Students who have take PHIL 203 will have a good background for this class, but students who are generally comfortable with formal systems need not have taken PHIL 203. As Adelaide Crows coach Phil Walsh lay bleeding from 20 stab wounds, his wife begged him not to leave her. The debate between Empiricism and Rationalism concerns whether all our knowledge derives from experience, or any is innate. Embodiment and Consciousness: A Cross-Cultural Exploration. We will try to determine what is the scope and nature of an adequate theory of emotions, what are the desiderata for such a theory, and what should count as evidence in its favor. His thought influenced the thought of subsequent generations of philosophers. At home? B. Lipscomb before the first meeting, preferably over the summer. [more], Most thoughtful human beings spend a good deal of time musing about how we ought to live and about what counts as a good life for a human being. Writer: Teamo Supremo. We will conclude by considering some critical appropriations of Marx by 20th Century philosophers, including Georg Lukacs, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor Adorno. Our tools in this course will be logic and reason, even when we are trying to determine what the limits of reason might be. Is moral objectivity like scientific objectivity, assuming that we have a clear sense of what that involves? In this course we will seek to comprehend the dimensions in which Existentialism is a distinctive intellectual tradition. How should we think about the boundaries and methods of theorizing about film? We will attempt answers by studying classical works (such as Plato's Republic and John Stuart Mill's On Liberty), contemporary articles, and works of art in various media. The tragedians emphasize the ways in which the cosmos and our role in it resists any attempt to be understood, and emphasize the ways in which the success or failure of our lives often turns on things completely beyond our control. (ii) You are reading. The cause of death for Phil Williams Jr. was listed as "probably a . We will focus particularly on how subjects are positioned in relation to his writings on power and knowledge with particular attention to the later so-called ethical writings in the years before his untimely death in 1984. "I can't tell you anything about the argument or the circumstances but as a result of that both Mr Walsh and his wife received the wounds," Superintendent Des Bray told reporters in Adelaide. Each questioned the emancipatory effect of reason and freedom as well as idealist accounts of moral progress in human history. How do you expect to learn? Conversation is dynamic--the back and forth exchange of information is a process that grows and adapts to the surrounding context. We will focus our study on Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and Marx's early writings. Readings will be drawn from recent work in the Frankfurt School and poststructuralist traditions of critical theory as well as anti-racist, anti-colonial, feminist and queer theories that draw upon them. We doubt, we point out that no one can be certain in what she believes, and we are suspicious of declarations of transcendent reason or truth (unless they are our own). These questions are typically asked within a framework where the overarching goal is attaining truth and avoiding falsity. How important are honor, money, love, work, friendship and our connections to others to our happiness? In this course, we will examine some central texts in ancient Greek and Roman moral philosophy. We will read works by three of Socrates' contemporaries: Aristophanes, Xenophon, and especially Plato. The seminar will fall into two unequal parts. In this course, we will examine some central texts in ancient Greek and Roman moral philosophy. Some critical theorists within the Frankfurt School tradition draw from upon ideas about the constitution of the subject developed in the early 19th century German philosophy of Hegel. In the last century New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani attempted to shut down the Brooklyn Museum "Sensations" exhibit because he claimed it offended Christians, and the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center was prosecuted for exhibiting allegedly obscene photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe. What does it mean to be "philosophical" or to think "theoretically" about politics? In addition, we will devote several class meetings interspersed throughout the semester to reading foundational sources in ethical theory. The view of the tragedians can lead to a thoroughgoing nihilism according to which --the best thing of all [for a human being] is never to have born-but the next best thing is to die soon (Aristotle's Eudemus as quoted in Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy; see also Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus)." If there aren't such things, how do we characterize meaningfulness instead? Nietzsche texts may include selections from: Untimely Meditations, The Gay Science,Beyond Good and Evil, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, The Genealogy of Morals, Twilight of the Idols, and Ecce Homo. Our readings will include the relevant works of Plato, Sextus Empiricus, Carnap, Quine, Davidson, Goodman, Elgin, Hacking, Krausz, Foot, and Williams, among others. Why read the history of philosophy? This course is an investigation into how language is used to express meaning, and how such expression can have real interpersonal and societal impact. In this way we come to realize that far from being the irrational foil of "the West," Indian tradition is a rich resource for thinking through some of the central questions that have challenged philosophers in both traditions. Tamanika T. Steward. [more], No thinker has done more to shape the Western intellectual tradition than Augustine (354-430 CE), and no book displays Augustine's dynamic vision of reality more compellingly than the Confessions. metaphysics, epistemology, moral and political philosophy, philosophy of mind. [more], Philosophy of film is a relatively young, but very rich and rapidly growing field. those issues in and of themselves, and to consider the ways in which selected classical and contemporary moral theories characterize and address those moral dimensions. Students should be aware that, in the classic tradition, this class resembles a logic course. What distinguishes that kind of life from others? to cases they must return, if they are to be both useful and comprehensible to those making decisions within the biomedical context. more broadly, what it is like to have a first person, waking perspective at all--resists explanation in any terms other than the conscious experience itself in spite of centuries of intense effort by philosophers and, more recently, by scientists. The second portion of the course will use feminist philosophy to inform our understanding of the ways in which gender structures the individual's interactions with the health care system. We examine key concepts such as: capitalism, alienation, false consciousness, the death of God, nihilism, the unconscious, ego, id, superego, and the death drive. For example, we commonly attribute to Plato a theory of the Forms on the basis of his claims in the so-called "middle dialogues" (mainly Republic, Phaedo, and Symposium). How is political power generated and exercised? Class will be primarily driven by discussion, often preceded by brief lectures. WILLIAMS NEWS Covid-19 InformationCovid-19 is an ongoing concern in our region, including on campus . Furthermore, philosophers have continued to revisit the existential questions vividly raised by Greek tragedy. Most of the authors will come from this list, however: Sartre, de Beauvoir, Kafka, Dostoyevsky, Thomas Mann, Camus, Ecco, Kundera, Borges, Charlie Kaufman, Bergman, Tarkovsky, Resnais, Kurosawa, Bunuel, Kubrick, Godard, Visconti and Guillermo del Toro. While looking at film as art, as document, as experiment and as entertainment, we will always keep in sight specific theoretical assumptions that underlie different understandings of film, and different critical approaches to the medium. What, you may ask, is the philosophy of logic? Nietzsche texts may include selections from: historical traditions. What sorts of things can be true or false? In this course, we will study the most important and influential chapters of the Critique with the help of some secondary literature. Which characteristics of persons give them moral status? [more], What gives an individual life meaning? Indeed Nietzsche's influence has been pervasive. I don't know why, she just does. Does being virtuous guarantee happiness? He is a member of the New Zealand Society of Authors and resides with his wife Michaela in North Canterbury. While social justice and distributive justice are deeply intertwined in the health care context and we will discuss both, we will focus primarily on the concept of distributive justice. When, if ever, is paternalistic interference by the state into the lives of its citizens justified? But how often do we ask: What is freedom? Log in, register or subscribe to save articles for later. What does it take to realize this fact? How do logic and language relate? Messing with People: The Ethics of Human Experimentation. Is that principle of organization justifiable or not? [more], The seminar involves a critical engagement with key Africana political leaders, theorists and liberationists. Science is only "true" for some people, agnosticism is the only alternative to foolish superstition, and moral relativism and, consequently, nihilism are obvious. What are other models for understanding moral objectivity? This tutorial aims to provide students with the skills necessary for careful, serious and thorough reading of Wittgenstein's later philosophy. claimed it offended Christians, and the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center was prosecuted for exhibiting allegedly obscene photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe. When, if ever, is paternalistic interference by the state into the lives of its citizens justified? [more], Through lectures, discussions, close readings and assigned writings, we will consider a variety of philosophical questions about the nature of persons, and personal identity through time. We will examine the wager in its original home of Pascal's Pensees, and look at William James' related article, "The Will to Believe." In fact, Socrates seems to have been thought of as a kind of intellectual saint in the Hellenistic world. We will start by situating Hume's project within the historical tradition in which he thought and against which Treatise was directed. The course will present the essential ideas of relativity theory and quantum theory and explore their implications for philosophy. While Hegel studies tends to occur in isolation from philosophers in the Africana tradition, many of the above explicitly refer to and take up questions in Hegel. We will also read selections from the vast secondary literature on Aristotle's Metaphysics. We will read Adam Smith and Karl Marx on capitalism, Simone de Beauvoir on gender, and Charles Mills on race. Should we value other things (say justice or passionate commitment and curiosity) over happiness? The second, longer part of the seminar will try to isolate and follow some of the pragmatist currents which run through epistemology and philosophy of science in the 20th and 21st centuries. However, few (haters gonna hate) would say that the expression has a referent. Topics will depend to some extent on student interest, but are likely to include concerns that fall under such headings as euthanasia, conscientious eating, abortion, the ethics of protest, and Covid-19. Does film accurately capture reality, as no other art does? German philosopher Martin Heidegger thought he represented the culminating point of Western metaphysics; French Nietzscheans such as Foucault, Derrida and Deleuze as well as French feminist Luce Irigaray appropriate Nietzschean themes and concepts in their critical engagements with the Western philosophical tradition; and Anglo-American moral philosophers such as Bernard Williams, Alisdair MacIntyre, and Phillippa Foot (as well as Rorty) respond to and engage his critique of modern morality. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This is unfortunate, but at least there isn't a heap of sand on my desk. Without challenging the centrality of such projects for philosophy, this tutorial will focus on a less emphasized, but equally essential aspect of our lives: emotions. We will pay special attention to the structure of arguments for and against relativism, as well as to the philosophical motivations and perceived consequences of its endorsement or rejection. [more], This course is a chronological survey of major works of political theory from the 16th to the 20th century. In this tutorial we will read from Ancient, modern and contemporary philosophical sources as well several relevant studies in the social sciences and positive psychology movement in order to engage questions concerning happiness. To this end, each week we will (1) read philosophical material focused on one principle or concept, and (2) consider in detail one bioethics case in which the principle or concept has special application or relevance. This course is an advanced seminar devoted to a comprehensive examination of Fanon's political thought. In addition to examining general accounts of causation, we will examine particular problems that come up in thinking about mental causation and causation in indeterministic contexts. What distinguishes that kind of life from others? With what limits and justifications? Mental Health and Illness: Philosophical Considerations. How does our experience justify our beliefs? And please refer to Class Notes for further information . We will move on to examine ethical issues of truth-telling with terminally ill patients and their families, decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments, the care of seriously ill newborns, physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia, and posthumous interests. [more], Animals are and always have been part of human life. Is rationality relative to cultural norms? [2] [3] He is the host of The Matt Walsh Show podcast and is a columnist for The Daily Wire. But perform those exact same steps in a different order--check the stove, say "I didn't leave the stove on", then say "I might've left the stove on"--and something's gone quite wrong. Each book was chosen by and will be introduced by a professor from a different department, and then Professor of Philosophy Steve Gerrard will continue the discussion. If there aren't such things, how do we characterize meaningfulness instead? We also introduce the practice of meditation as a way to observe the mind and raise questions concerning the place of its study in the mind-sciences. "Our industry is grieving today, and we send our love and support to the Walsh family, the Crows staff and players, Phil's wider circle of friends, the other clubs he worked with, and his many colleagues across the AFL," he said. [more], How are individual and social subjects formed, and how do they connect to questions of race? Their dispute raised some of the deepest questions in philosophy: consequentialism versus deontology, the goals of happiness versus dignity, long term versus short term goals, and more. We will look at relativism with respect to reason and truth in general as well as with respect to science, religion, and morality. We'll try to make some progress on these issues. This course will offer a selective overview of the debates that characterized philosophy of film since the early 20th century. We got it anyway . To name just a few ways: We treat animals as companions, as food, as objects of wonder in the wild, as resources to be harvested, as testing grounds for science, and as religious sacrifice. Swift, Jonathan. The second, longer part of the seminar will try to isolate and follow some of the pragmatist currents which run through epistemology and philosophy of science in the 20th and 21st centuries. PHIL 227 LEC Death and Dying. We will spend the balance of the semester coming to grips with Plato's arguments in the later dialogues. The millennia old problem of whether human suffering is compatible with God's perfection is called "the problem of evil." Beyond this common ground, however, epistemologists are much divided. What are emotions, and how should we think about them? Our focus will be on recent influential work in this area. The first portion of the course will be devoted to considering general theories of justice as well as alternative conceptions of justice specifically within the health care context. Throughout, we will appeal to reason and evidence in forming our best beliefs. We will look at civil disobedience and theories of legal interpretation. [more], The late 20th Century philosopher Richard Rorty characterized the present age as "post-Nietzschean." Rather than seeing philosophy as an esoteric discipline, the pragmatic philosophers (with the possible exception of Peirce) see philosophy as integral to our culture and see themselves as public intellectuals. We will thus be led to discuss some of the concepts common to epistemology, metaphysics and ethics: reason, justification, objectivity, understanding, reality and truth. Aside from its overwhelming influence on 20th and 21st century philosophy and intellectual culture, any book which contains the remark, " if a lion could talk, we could not understand him," deserves serious attention. In this course we aim to engage that abstract question through two more focused projects. But we also question the value of these tools based on first person approaches by relating them to the third person studies of the mind. We will begin with questions about how to define death, as well as reflections on its meaning and function in human life. Does morality require that we always subordinate our personal relationships to universal principles? To notify Williams of alumni deaths, please email, Experiential Learning & Community Engagement. We conclude by considering some of the later Hindu holistic views of the self as responses to the Buddhist critique. But how should objectivity in this domain be understood? What is knowledge (as opposed to mere opinion)? We will move on to examine ethical issues of truth-telling with terminally ill patients and their families, decisions to withhold or withdraw life-sustaining treatments, the care of seriously ill newborns, physician-assisted suicide, euthanasia, and posthumous interests. The order in which you say things matters, and it matters for what you communicate what actions you take and what events happen around you. We coordinate our lives through sounds from mouths, signs from hands, and squiggles on paper because somehow sounds, signs, and squiggles have, Why Obey the Law? On the other hand, there is a heap of sand in my backyard. Finally, we will examine some of Aristotle's works on metaphysics, epistemology and ethics, considering some of the ways Aristotle's thought responds to that of predecessors. What is the proper 'geography'--classification and analysis--of our emotions, and what is their relation to our somatic states, feelings, beliefs, judgments, evaluations and actions? How should moral equality be understood, and what is its foundation? Special attention will be given to the philosophical foundations of cognitive science, representation and computation in symbolic and connectionist architectures, concept acquisition, problem solving, perception, language, semantics, reasoning, and artificial intelligence. But three grains isn't enough for a heap. [more], The aim of the course is to survey, analyze and discuss many varieties of relativism--semantic, epistemic, ontological and moral--from Plato's Theaetetus to contemporary social constructivism. And, it's not merely that their answer invokes our freedom to determine our own identities. We will continue with J. S. Mill's Utilitarianism and Kant's Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, considering these books as works in the philosophy of education. We will begin the course by looking at Hume's and Kant's discussion of causation. Most sessions will pair readings about key concepts with specific cases that raise complex ethical issues, including the concept of moral standing and, e.g., people who do not yet exist, non-human individuals, species, and complex living systems; the concept of moral responsibility and complicity in environmentally damaging practices; the legitimacy of cost-benefit analysis as an environmental policy tool; and the valuation of human lives. Could the world be made up of sensory properties only? What is it for a sentence or a proposition to be true? Are happiness and pleasure the same thing? [more], If we think of Michel Foucault as engaged in writing histories, or genealogies, of his own present designed to undercut the sense of the obviousness of certain practices and ways of thinking, categorizing, and knowing, we can easily imagine that he might now be questioning different aspects of our contemporary "present" than the ones standardly associated with his name, namely, panopticons and surveillance, discipline, criminalization, the biopolitics of health, the normal and the abnormal, etc. Williams College Catalog Phone Number 413-597-4286 [email protected] This course is an intensive, line-by-line study of the Investigations--one of the greatest (and thus, one of the most controversial) books in the history of philosophy. experiment, in which residents of a state home for mentally impaired children were intentionally infected with a virus that causes hepatitis, and the Kennedy-Krieger Lead Abatement study, which tested the efficacy of a new lead paint removal procedure by housing young children in partially decontaminated homes and testing those children for lead exposure. What is the mind? This theoretically oriented work will provide the background for subsequent examination of specific topics, which may include, among others: justice in health care financing and reform; justice in health care rationing and access to health care, with particular attention to the intersections of rationing criteria with gender, sexuality, race, disability, and age; justice in the procurement and allocation of organs for transplantation; obesity and personal responsibility for illness; and justice in medical research, including "double standards" for research conducted in low resource settings. Beyond this common ground, however, epistemologists are much divided. Some understand its aim to be to answer normative questions about the nature of truth, justice, goodness and rationality. Are happiness and pleasure the same thing? Must they inhere in substances? Williams, Bernard. We will then turn to some specific social forms in the second unit, and ask whether they promote or preclude our freedom. New York: McGraw Hill, 2005. pp 307-323. This discussion will lead us to the relativist and social-constructivist views developed within contemporary science studies. the course will address the emergence of the "Ethics of Care," critically assessing its origins in feminist theory, its development within the context of the caring professions, and its potential as a general approach to bioethical reasoning. In a. move calling on those both within and outside of Europe to challenge the coloniality of the age and to forge a new vision of politics in the postcolonial period. Arguments in the second unit, and especially Plato 's Phenomenology of Spirit and Marx 's early.. That grows and adapts to the surrounding context ], this class resembles a logic course,. 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