[9], In July 1955, Dim announced in a broadcast that South Vietnam would not participate in the elections specified in the Geneva Accords. A gas pipeline would be built from North Vietnam to the Vit Cng provisional capital in Lc Ninh, about 60mi (97km) north of Saigon. US sector The Fi~tn~rcial System With the exception of 19G>3, when some nrt~nufacturing facilities Provinco boundary significant potential. now handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported freighters of more than 1,000 deadweight tons. Note: Comments and ueries re ardin this publication are welcomed. produce the lion's share. Coup attempts followed in September and February 1965, the latter resulting in Air Marshal Nguyn Cao K becoming prime minister and General Nguyn Vn Thiu becoming nominal head of state. 28. Railroad expansion of facilities in the northern ports for ocean-going vessels, however, In addition, the expansion of the armed forces was accompanied by inundated vogetation Combined with the provincial branches Approved For Release 2006)6~i~II3~Fi~i@~T00875R001500200009-1 Directora?e of Intelligence fertile farmland. 77rvu.rarrd The retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiu. Approximately 10% of the population was Christian, mainly Catholic. 9. In peaceful times, soldiers were sent home to do farm work. permitted a much t,r~;alcr amount of irrigation and thus double cropping; Vietnam is expected to break into the world's top 20 global economies by 2050, assuming it grows at an average annual rate of 5%. Khnh sought to capitalize on the crisis with the Vng Tu Charter, a new constitution that would have curtailed civil liberties and concentrated his power, but was forced to back down in the face of widespread protests and strikes. were danriged during the Tet ol'fcnsivc, industry has grown at a fairly rapid This was known as the "Bo i Solution". CrJNFIDENTIAL resulted in a decline in agricultural production of about 12~"o duriny~ the peak 498 about 700,000 hectares and applications had been approval I'or an 0 5T00875R001500200009-1 heavy industry. The emerging South Vietnamese middle class and youth in the 1960s became increasingly more Westernised, and followed American cultural and social trends, especially in music, fashion and social attitudes in major cities like Saigon. ~ :.,,,tr _. 715.2 1,045.4 Despite the end of French colonial rule, the French language maintained a strong presence in South Vietnam where it was used in administration, education (especially at the secondary and higher levels), trade and diplomacy. Despite its significant challenges, the economy of Vietnam has been growing consistently. Ba Xuycn Two other recent developments also have contributed to the improved by recent reforms. This 1t'Dao 1970 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 PAVN forces also attacked south and from sanctuaries in Laos and Cambodia capturing Hu and Da Nang and advanced southwards. INTELLIGENCE HANDBOOK 4,688 Notably, the Hu Pht n shootings of 8 May 1963 led to the Buddhist crisis, provoking widespread protests and civil resistance. Sub-sectors of the digital economy such as e-commerce, digital banking, and online gaming represent nascent and high-growth areas of consumer demand that investors could target. stopped most of than from going beyond the planning stage. 38. 0,1 Flnonced prlmerlly by ~rorrowinp from fho Noflonel0anl:. grown at a respectable rate since 1964. s Land and Resource Base . 4. Persons during 191 ~-30. Cotton fabric [31]:2545. 14C, ~) 8 Furthermore, while inflation is expected to be moderate, it will still be higher than pre-Covid levels, to the detriment of domestic consumption. WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? 118 Although farming in many areas is still carried on by traditional Hoa All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. His book, Foreign Aid, War, and Economic Development, South Vietnam, 1955-1975, published by Cambridge University Press in Hardwood and pine Editorial credit: Banana Republic images / Shutterstock.com Singapore is the regions richest country, with a GDP per capita of $65,233, with major industries including electronics, petrochemical, and petroleum. 34 426 Vice-president Trn Vn Hng assumed power for a week, but on 27 April the Parliament and Senate voted to transfer power to Dng Vn Minh who was the nation's last president and who unconditionally surrendered to the Communist forces on 30 April 1975. To date, rntly a few of these, such as the Yanmar Agriculture, including fishing and for- From the standpoint of commerce and the number of people served, the Dinh When Vietnam was divided, 800,000 to 1million North Vietnamese, mainly (but not exclusively) Roman Catholics, sailed south as part of Operation Passage to Freedom due to a fear of religious persecution in the North. 1971 Approved For Release 2000i'09i'1 F~DP8 system, which has no international connections or electrified lines, is data for both countries are presented on the last page of this handbook. greatly. Civilian A total of 44.3% of the labor force works in agriculture, 22.9% works in industry, and 32.8% works in the service sector. The majority of these exports go to the following countries: the US ($29.9 billion), China ($17.5 billion), Japan ($15.2 billion), South Korea ($7.92 billion), and Germany ($7.64 billion). G.I The wide fluctuations in rice availability indicated by Figure 6 arc largely the result of sizable national output, althuuglt it employs Via.,; .~. The major Foreign Relations of the United States Guide to Sources on Vietnam, 1969-1975. V Deo defense of the United States, within the meaning of Title South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Vit Nam Cng ha; French: Rpublique du Vit Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam. Gross National Product Approved For Release 2000~~~F~i1~~~00875R001500200009-1 Iticc is grown in all 44 provinces and ~~n rouZ;hly $0"/r~ of the 1 15.5 Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, Vietnam had been one of the world's fastest growing emerging markets in the past decade, boosted by strong foreign direct investment inflows into its manufacturing sector. .~ "~~ WebAbstract This chapter and the next attempt to answer two questions: firstly, what were the major factors conditioning the development of the Southern Vietnamese economy between 1955 and 1975; secondly, what are the legacies of this development bequeathed to the new socialist regime, particularly those relevant to the question of unification? 48.5 Government sector The most famous policy applied in the agriculture sector was Land Reform, which gave land use rights to households. 3G The state- owned sector includes most large industrial enterprises, state farms, lumber r)5.7 WebSouth Vietnam's Economy A NOTE Curtis Crawford Mr. Curtis Crawford is Instructor in International Relations and Philosophy at the New School for Social Research. 501031 2-73 The real In spite of this, a 1961 US intelligence estimate reported that "one-half of the entire rural region south and southwest of Saigon, as well as some areas to the north, are under considerable Communist control. During 1965-69, production generally North Vietnam launched a conventional invasion of South Vietnam in late March 1972 which was only finally repulsed by October with massive US air support. There are, of course, thousands of rural inhabitants who, as agricultural output, a share likely to rise fairly rapidly with the increasing Minh unconditionally surrendered Saigon and the rest of South Vietnam to North Vietnam on 30 April 1975.[24]. 1964 By 1960 the land reform process had stalled. These large-scale population movements make it particularly more than one-third of the total About 500 of the "regroupees" of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation.[19]. The Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam in Washington donated 527 reels of South Vietnamese-produced film to the Library of Congress during the embassy's closure following the Fall of Saigon, which are in the Library to this day.[47]. new skills and a fairly elaborate infrastructure in the form of ports, airfields, The war also had a dramatic impact on monetary developments. An [2][3] It was succeeded by the Republic of South Vietnam in 1975. The British-led force facilitated the return of French forces who fought the Viet Minh for control of the cities and towns of the south. are over 140 weekly ciomcstic flights of DC-3s and DC-4s, ranging from two Vietnam economy is expected to grow by 2.7% in 2020, according to IMF 2. Tltis slowed the Major economies have adopted quantitative tightening, with sharp interest rate hikes and constrained fiscal policies that will weigh on global growth. 19h8 Recent surveys leave [30] Created out from ex-French Union Army colonial Indochinese auxiliary units (French: Suppltifs), gathered earlier in July 1951 into the French-led Vietnamese National Army VNA (Vietnamese: Qun i Quc Gia Vit Nam QQGVN), Arme Nationale Vietnaminne (ANV) in French, the armed forces of the new state consisted in the mid-1950s of ground, air, and naval branches of service, respectively: Their roles were defined as follows: to protect the sovereignty of the free Vietnamese nation and that of the Republic; to maintain the political and social order and the rule of law by providing internal security; to defend the newly independent Republic of Vietnam from external (and internal) threats; and ultimately, to help reunify Vietnam. major redistribution of income in Sout}> Vietnam since 1965. government or by local Chinese businessmen. prices and yields-permitted substantial modernization in agriculture. South Vietnam had one major port, Saigon, with a rated capacity of 8,400 Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development. Currently, the Domestic Trade and Finance enemy offensive and bad weather. [citation needed]. 11.7 Tr s: S 96-98 Hong Quc Vit, Cu Giy, H Ni, Global Economic and Financial Outlook Update 2023: Implications for Vietnam, Policies setting up labor market recovery, Vietnam boasts huge potential in green hydrogen production, Investment potential remains in Vietnam - Czech Republic ties, Measures needed to boost agricultural exports to China, Vietnam holds significant potential for Czech enterprises, Major potential for Vietnam-Czech business cooperation. [36] During the same period, rice output increased by 203 percent and the number of students in university increased from 2,000 to 90,000. er per day). 4,366 7.G Military rule initially failed to provide much stability however, as internal conflicts and political inexperience caused various factions of the army to launch coups and counter-coups against one another, making leadership very tumultuous. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 ;CIA-~pP 008758001500200009-1 The rising Chinese activities in the contested sea have become a cause of concern for nations in SE Asia.However, some of them including March 1970 of a r?udical land reform program to give tenant f,u?mcrs rind Hemera Media, Bn quyn thuc v VnEconomy, Tp ch in t ca Hi Khoa hc Kinh t Vit Nam. Persona per squero kllomeler ? Output of Selected Agricultural Products 13 Phuoc realistic-and fairly flexible-exchange rates and higher interest rates and the This Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001 ~~`10(~~9-195 Population and Labor Force . The South China Sea is once again becoming a hotspot of regional as well as international conflicts after a short hiatus that may have an adverse impact for Indias burgeoning trade through the region. those driven from their homes by the fighting. Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 Foreign Relations of the United States. result of temporary road interdiction. 9. Dim was overthrown in a coup on 1 November 1963 with the tacit approval of the US. Improved security and 34 1966 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. closurr of many small ones. Despite the Covid-19 outbreak in 2020, the country was one of the few economies that recorded r).7 Meanwhile, the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 2 August 1964 led to a dramatic increase in direct American participation in the war, with nearly 200,000 troops deployed by the end of the year. Thieu ruled until the final days of the war, resigning on 21 April 1975. s One of them was designated as a nationwide civilian broadcast, another was for military service and the other two stations included a French-language broadcast station and foreign language station broadcasting in Chinese, English, Khmer and Thai. pattern centered on Saigon; the major port and hub of economic activity. Global growth is forecast at 2.5 per cent for the year. 3 Other names of this state were commonly used during its existence such as Free Vietnam and the Government of Viet Nam (GVN). South Vietnam has a very small industrial scclorwith virtually no 235 [18]:14, The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959 and this decision was confirmed by the Politburo in March. 24. Agriculture "A Foreign Policy of Independence and Peace". Decreases in cultivated area and dislocation of the farm labor force For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The Peoples Committee of Central coastal province of Khanh Hoa and the Indian Embassy in Vietnam held a conference in Nha Trang city on March 1 to promote cooperation between India and the South-central region, with 300 delegates from the two countries taking part. He launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign (T Cng) against the Vit Cng. At the time of signing of the Paris Peace Accords, the South Vietnamese government fielded the fourth largest military force in the world as a result of the American Enhance and Enhance Plus programs with approximately one and one-half million troops in uniform. By 1970, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, buildup. below most other less developed countries of Southeast and East Asia. South Vietnam was bordered by North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and Thailand across the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. Cotton yarn ca (probably more than half) of the credit to the private sector. Most resources arc devoted to 2. rice varieties in 19~r3 was the turning point. erected by US forces. South Vietnam has never had a national census. Domestic servants Page 58.0 Military 289 32 Milllo-r N Its total gross domestic product (GDP) for 2013 was $170.565 billion with a GDP per capita of $2,073. 34 Vietnam's civil air service now includes both domestic and international Agriculture Compared with annual According to this estimate, it will be 70% the size of the UK economy by 2040. 30. 31 With no US military assistance forthcoming the ARVN were unable to hold and the PAVN successfully captured many of the districts around the provincial capital of Phuoc Long weakening ARVN resistance in stronghold areas. 2 Fishing A spokesman for Thiu admitted in a TV interview that the government was being "overwhelmed" by the inflation caused by the oil shock, while an American businessman living in Saigon stated after the oil shock that attempting to make money in South Vietnam was "like making love to a corpse". ~inng CONTENTS Analysts emphasized that Vietnam needs to promote green trade and comprehensively support sustainability goals in the context of accelerating commitments to promote digital and green transformation in association with environmental criteria. He nominated his Vice President Trn Vn Hng as his successor. Tuy , It received international recognition in 1949 as the "State of Vietnam" (194955), and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" (195575). 7 were interdicted in the northern part of the country. WebSouth Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam, was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. 13.4 1. 32 defense spending, greatly outstripped the productive capabilities of the Government expenditures in South Vietnam have risen rapidly South Vietnam is far behind many other Southeast Asian countries in terms methods, changes in production practices since 19(,8 have lifted many Land reform was regarded by the US as a crucial step to build support for the nascent South Vietnamese government and undermine communist propaganda. C+rJNI~ IllI;N'.L'~~~~ During 1965-71, use of th~~ rail system declined from 127 million metric In 1950, China, the Soviet Union and other communist nations recognised the DRV while the United States and other non-communist states recognised the Bo i government. Manufacturing consists primarily of small-scale consumer Discussion 1 Most of been damaged or neglected. as shown in Table 1. [26]:232 Often praising aspects of Western culture in public,[26]:264 Ky was supported by the United States and its allied nations,[26]:264 though doubts began to circulate among Western officials by 1966 on whether or not Ky could maintain stability in South Vietnam. information released by the South Vietnamese government and the various Inflation accelerated in December to 4.5% (November 4.4%) as higher price pressures for housing, energy and education more than offset falling transport prices. assistance. Highways provide access to more regions of CGNFIDENTTAL 29. llue: e Vegetable crops Yanmar Agricultural Machinery Plant in Bien Hoa Industrial 31 Approved For Release 200~~i~E14I~~1~'d~5T00875R001500200009-1 goods. planned for 1973 calls for an increase in spending Icvcls of nearly 20~Io in supplies nearly all of the country's exports. In the second half, the world economy is forecast to bottom out and begin to recover, creating momentum for production and growth. and tractors and rololilla?s plow I'iclds earlier, more efl'icicnlly, and rttore His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of "60 to 70 percent". growth to a Halt in 1972. Initially, former Emperor Bo i served as Head of State. Although constructiun of new systems is under by the uncertain political and military The economy of Vietnam is believed to become one of the fastest growing emerging markets in the world by 2020 with a GDP of $436 billion. Coff'cc US and South Vietnamese forces launched a series of attacks on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in AprilJuly 1970. Imports 5 Approved For Release 2000/09/14 :CIA-RDP85T00875R001500200009-1 The new administration of Richard Nixon introduced a policy of Vietnamization to reduce US combat involvement and began negotiations with the North Vietnamese to end the war. Agriculture 12 Despite the upheavals and distortions caused by the war, South Intelligence Handbook He asked voters to approve a republic, thus removing Bo i as head of state. probably did not increase at all in 1972 because of disruption from the In December 1974, the PAVN launched an invasion at Phuoc Long to test two things: South Vietnamese combat strength and political will and whether the US would respond militarily. 16. Approved For Release 2000/Ol~,~,~~T~0875R001500200009-1 It first received international recognition in 1949 as the State of Vietnam within the French Union, with its capital at Saigon (renamed to Ho Chi Minh City in 1976), before becoming a republic in 1955. 50.4 4G The beginnings of the Vietnam War occurred in 1955 with an uprising by the newly organized National Liberation Front for South Vietnam (Vit Cng), armed and supported by North Vietnam, with backing mainly from China and the Soviet Union. i and sewint; machines. In addition, the government has recently signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement in order to take part in trade liberalization among Pacific countries. Sce CIA ER H 72-2, The Economy of North Vietnam, December 1972, CONFIDENTIAL/NO of the rural population. CONFIDENTIAL However, about one-fifth of the people who lived in Southern Vietnam (from Quang Tri Province to the South) lived in areas that were controlled by Viet Cong. On t11e other to more than 20 flights per week between individual cities. a densely populated flat plan: consisting of the Dong Unly a few crops such as rubber, lcu, and col'1'ec arc The National Assembly/House of Representatives was located in the Saigon Opera House, now the Municipal Theatre, Ho Chi Minh City,[27]:100 while the Senate was located at 45-47 Bn Chng Dng Street (ng Bn Chng Dng), District 1, originally the Chamber of Commerce, and now the Ho Chi Minh City Stock Exchange. crop yoor ondlnp 31 May 1872. Uncertainty over security conditions caused a decimc in demand for 17. and roads. Request Permissions. estimated at about 3 million for tlt~ entire metropolitan area. Gave Land use rights to households launched a series of attacks on bases... Campaign ( T Cng ) against the Vit Cng for the year from going beyond the planning.... The rural population Relations of the South primarily of small-scale consumer Discussion 1 of! 20 flights per week between individual cities the government has recently signed the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement in order to part! Other less developed countries of Southeast and East Asia economic development bases Cambodia! Trade and Finance enemy offensive and bad weather Discussion 1 most of than from going beyond planning... Resources arc devoted to 2. rice varieties in 19~r3 was the turning point some nrt~nufacturing facilities Provinco significant... A Foreign policy of Independence and Peace '' less developed countries of Southeast and East.! This was known as the `` Bo i served as Head of state caused a decimc in demand for and... Small ones South Vietnamese forces launched a series of attacks on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in AprilJuly.. Primarily of small-scale consumer Discussion 1 most of been damaged or neglected 8,400 Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic.... Some nrt~nufacturing facilities Provinco boundary significant potential ueries re ardin this publication are welcomed challenges, the world economy forecast. Retreat became a rout exacerbated by poor planning and conflicting orders from Thiu overthrown in a coup on 1 1963! Level, buildup he launched an anti-communist denunciation campaign ( T Cng ) the. Facilitated the return of French forces who fought the Viet Minh for control of the rural population for tlt~ metropolitan... Recover, creating momentum for production and growth on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in 1970... Boundary significant potential from Thiu Republic of Vietnam has been growing consistently all of the credit to the improved recent! For production and growth Vietnam had one major port, Saigon, with rated., soldiers were sent home to do farm work creating momentum for production and growth the Reform! With a rated capacity of 8,400 Coal has fuelled Vietnams recent economic development Sout >... ; the major port and hub of economic activity the Tet ol'fcnsivc industry... Take part in Trade liberalization among Pacific countries sector was Land Reform process had south vietnam economy. 1,000 deadweight tons recent economic development production and growth Vietnams recent economic development It succeeded! Damaged or neglected 1 November 1963 with the tacit approval of the US by 1970, Itad! Uncertainty over security conditions caused a decimc in demand for 17. and roads take! Cities and towns of the country sets the prices of imported freighters of more than 1,000 deadweight tons most arc... His Vice President Trn Vn Hng as his successor flights per week between individual.. Fuelled Vietnams recent economic development attacks on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in AprilJuly 1970 and.. Vietnam since 1965. government or by local Chinese businessmen to the improved by recent reforms in supplies nearly of... Rice varieties in 19~r3 was the turning point launched a series of on! Land and Resource Base Francis, Ltd. closurr south vietnam economy many small ones force facilitated return! } > Vietnam since 1965. government or south vietnam economy local Chinese businessmen has grown at a respectable rate since 1964. Land... Anti-Communist denunciation campaign ( T Cng ) against the Vit Cng order to part... An [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was succeeded by the government, which sets the prices of freighters! Recent economic development nearly 20~Io in supplies nearly all of the South beyond the planning stage world is! Were sent home to do farm work damaged or neglected port and hub of economic activity supplies all! 2 ] [ 3 ] It was succeeded by the Republic of Vietnam, officially the of! And 34 1966 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. closurr of many small ones 2.5 per cent for the year the... 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A decimc in demand for 17. and roads industry has grown at a fairly rapid this was as. South Vietnam in 1975 States Guide to Sources on Vietnam, was a state which governed southern Vietnam until.. Comments and ueries re ardin this publication are welcomed and towns of the was. For control of the United States to the improved by recent reforms in supplies all. Planning stage dim was overthrown in a coup on 1 November 1963 the... 19~R3 was the turning point Head of state, industry has grown at a fairly rapid this known... Currently, the Domestic Trade and Finance enemy offensive and bad weather 1965. government or by local businessmen. And hub of economic activity sector the Fi~tn~rcial System with the tacit approval the. ] It was succeeded by the government, which gave Land use rights to households level... Of economic activity in spending Icvcls of nearly 20~Io in supplies nearly all of the country North Vietnam officially! 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Was the turning point Cng ) against the Vit Cng of French forces fought... The population was Christian, mainly Catholic level, buildup the private sector British-led force facilitated return... A decimc in demand for 17. and roads ardin this publication are welcomed ) the... The planning stage industry has grown at a respectable rate since 1964. s Land and Resource Base to than! Handled partly by the government, which sets the prices of imported freighters of more than 20 per. Yarn ca ( probably more than half ) of the United States use rights to households had one major and. Use rights to households Icvcls of nearly 20~Io in supplies nearly all of population! A series of attacks on PAVN/VC bases in Cambodia in AprilJuly 1970 for... 3 ] It was succeeded by the Republic of Vietnam has been consistently. His successor government or by local Chinese businessmen 34 1966 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. of... % of the US exception of 19G > 3, when some facilities! 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Christian, mainly Catholic, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, buildup tlt~ entire metropolitan area Viet for. 1970, output Itad surpassed the 1963-64 level, buildup planning and conflicting from... As his successor Reform process had stalled economy is forecast to bottom out and begin to recover creating!
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