This may be leading to their legal use and sale in Thailand. In Barbados and Jamaica, the authorities really don't like anyone other than the police wearing camouflage. The exceptions to when you can drink are as follows. Thailand has a raft of laws intended to protect the king's fragile ego. But, you can also use basmati or jasmine rice for this, 12 hours 29 minutes. Greece officials tired of damage near famous, heavily visited monuments. In which country is it illegal to carry a Bible? Bediscreet about your alcohol selfies and posting them. Hmmmm. If youre caught leaving without flushing the toilet, youre looking at a fine of around $150. The Malaysian Government banned yellow clothing after thousands of protestors wearing yellow t-shirts flooded the streets of Kuala Lumpur demanding the resignation of the Prime Minister. Even some words of homophonic are also taboo, such as the pronunciation of the word 4 (shi), which is pronounced the same as death (shi), or the pronunciation of 42 (shi-ni) which sounds the same as to die. Although you might hear that you will get life in prison or even the death penalty in Thailand if you are caught with any amount of illegal drugs. In the Caribbean, including countries such as Barbados, Aruba and Grenada, a law prohibits camouflage clothing from being worn by non-military personnel, including tourists. The penalty for drinking alcohol at these locations without authorization is up to 6 months imprisonment and/or a fine up to 10,000 THB or $330.00. What happens if you get caught chewing gum in Until then, pack some nicotine gum and patches to get you through. Chewing gum ban in Singapore.Since 2004, an exception has existed for therapeutic, dental, or nicotine chewing gum, which can be bought from a doctor or registered pharmacist.It is currently not illegal to chew gum in Singapore, merely to import it and sell it, apart from the It can also express love and, All other American Airlines direct flights to Hawaii are treated like any other domestic flight. Lets face it, according to ProCon.org most countries (133 out of 190 to be exact) have a minimum drinking age of between 18 and 21. This includes standard sugar free gum. That's right, chewing gum is banned in Singapore because officials want to keep the country's public spaces clean. So, I did. As mentioned above, Tokyo is generally a safe city to walk around even late at night and most visitors experience minimal (if any) hassle by locals. The chewing gum sales ban in Singapore has been in force since 1992. It is necessary to distinguish cocaine from coca leaves or the plant itself. Home of the Daily and Sunday Express. WebIts against the law to throw used chewing gum onto the sidewalk in Thailand, and youll be fined $600 if youre caught. In which country is it illegal to run out of gas on the autobahn? Tourists should be extremely careful as anyone wearing yellow can be arrested, under the assumption that they are also protesting. Your email address will not be published. Keep in mind that it isnt illegal in many places, but that doesnt mean you should. ORLANDO, Fla. (AP) _ A ban on chewing gum sales began today at Orlando International Airport as officials attempt to save thousands of dollars spent each year to scrape gooey globs from floors, seats and walls. In France, you're supposed to have a portable Breathalyzer in your vehicle at all times. In the early 2000s, officials in Singapore recognized a widespread chewing gum littering problem. If you are under 20 years of age you are not allowed to bring tobacco products into Thailand, buy tobacco products or use tobacco products in Thailand. So lets make sure you dont get into any trouble while you dabble in your favorite vice (or vices) in Thailand. Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security. According to YourOverseasHome.com, flip flops are banned on the island of Capri, in Italy, as it is illegal to wear "excessively noisy" footwear because locals value their "peace and quiet". Although this law Alcoholic Beverage control Act of 2008 changed the age from 18 to 20 years of age, it is likely not because of Buddhisms fifth precept. This survey describes the consumption frequency of chewing gums in Japan as of June 2017. Palm Beach banned airport gum sales for 20 years, finally relents. Continued excessive gum chewing may even create problems with your jawbone health, known as . Yes, a small town in Thailand has made it illegal to shew gum in public. Nigeria has a conservative population and its government does not like cameras. Flickr/dirtyboxface While flushing a public toilet is common courtesy, in Singapore, there is an actual law against it. Chewing gum is banned in Singapore under the Regulation of Imports and Exports (Chewing Gum) Regulations. I recommend not doing any drugs outside of your prescriptions while you are in Thailand. Insider tip: You can only bring one liter of alcohol in your bag in or out of Thailand without a permit. How Long Is The Flight From Hawaii To Bali? The ban on the sale of chewing gum was initially imposed to reduce gum-related litter in high-rise public-housing apartments, public spaces, and public vehicles. READ MORE:Pilot urges elderly passengers to avoid window seat as higher risk. What is illegal is the import for /and sale of chewing gum in Singapore. No, The law is said to be in place to keep public spaces clean, In an effort to stop the costly cleanup of scraping gum off public surfaces, you may be fined if a police officer sees you litter. Especially with the brands label showing. The Singapore chewing gum penalty is very similar to the littering fines, where you get fined USD 500- USD 1000 on the first offence, and USD 2000 for the repeat offenders. It is illegal to chew gum in Singapore since 1992, dont leave your hotel room (or someone elses) without. Airports such as Orlando International, Palm Beach International and Birmingham International do not allow gum to be sold by vendors. What are the literature in the Philippines during pre colonial period? The trend continues as more and more beaches are banning smoking. READ MORE:Cruise crew explain how they act differently at end of trip. See today's front and back pages, download the newspaper, order back issues and use the historic Daily Express newspaper archive. Throwing your garbage on the streets can cost you 2,000 Baht, roughly 60 USD. Your email address will not be published. Prohibited items are not allowed to be imported into Singapore. However, on any given Friday or Saturday evening in Beijing, kids from as young as 14 flock to nightclubs and bars in the citys Sanlitun and Gulou neighbourhoods. Click Here for the website. You can unsubscribe at any time. Section 17(1)(g) of the Environmental Public Health Act prohibits any person from spitting any substance or expelling mucus from the nose upon or onto any street or any public place. Items that are banned when travelling include chewing gum and yellow clothing. The guidelines for a fine, however, are more than a little vague. Some particular gum types can have multiple benefits: Prevent cavities. The reform was largely driven by overcrowding prisons. You can actually be thrown in jail for this crime. And it's not the only place to ban products that enjoy freedom elsewhere. In Russia, specifically Moscow, you can be fined for having a dirty car. To my surprise, she told me that the Honolulu International Airport hasnt sold gum for the past 15 or so years; in fact, all island airports have banned the sale of gum. This plays into some of the regulations seeking to limit the use of alcohol in Thailand. If youre thinking that youll just sneak some in to chew in the privacy of your hotel room,000 baht, ensure that theres no gum in your bag since it might get in trouble with airport security, Instead, know that smuggling gum into the country is a serious offense as well. It is illegal to celebrate the New Year with water guns in which country? The result? The survey revealed that the majority of respondents, over 47 percent, almost never chewed gum. Fifteen minutes is the maximum time you should chew your gum. The girls Thai love their husbands not by the money but by the love and honesty. 2023 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved. Thailand has some weird laws on its books, such as one that makes it illegal to leave home without wearing underwear. Chew and dispose of in a rubbish bin (if you can find one), Plus, Before you board a flight going to this country, In fact, Dont chew gum, no gum is bought or sold here, I wouldnt really class this one as silly unusual, but The Thaiger has heard reports that Thai police, #12, 7, Fines for selling gum is as high as $100, If you get caught spitting out your gum on the streets, it, Its against the law to throw used chewing gum onto the sidewalk in Thailand, This law The IDPCs article goes into great detail on the amended laws but I will break it down a bit. Lee Kuan Yew, who died on Monday at the age of 91, is famed as the man who turned Singapore from a small port into a global trading hub. 9, Gum is not even produced in Singapore, its strictly enforced: You risk a $500 fine for spitting out gum on public streets, the treat was not altogether outlawed, One can have only nicotine gum under medical consequences,000, and youll be fined $600 if youre caught, Australia In Victoria, Thailand Maybe this is what the locals do? If and when it becomes legal, the same rules will probably apply as other smoking. One of the objectives of the ban was to prevent vandals from using spent chewing gums to disrupt Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) services. You can actually be thrown in jail for this crime. So if you make the mistake of running out of gas and have to pull over, you may receive a fine for your lack of situational awareness. Where is it illegal to hang your laundry out to dry on a Sunday? The law was implemented in part due to China's aging population, which spurred widespread stories of elder loneliness and neglect. Because Thailand is a Buddhist country, many laws related to alcohol stem from the Buddhists fifth precept: Avoid all intoxicants. A strange law, yes, but one that is taken seriously in Thailand. In todays era, spitting is a cultural no-no in Singapore. But some public backlash resulted in a law forcing people to cover up their privates while prancing through public lands. If you will be bringing tobacco products to Thailand, you can not exceed 200 cigarettes or 250g of tobacco or 250g of all types combined. . How do you let go of someone who doesnt want you? So, For the purposes of this post, I will only post the information about possession of drugs. The other reason Thailand will ban the sale of alcohol is for elections. Vaporisers (like e-cigarettes and e-baraku) and refills are illegal in Thailand. Staying on the right side of these laws is imperative not only to keep the peace, but failure to do so could land you a hefty fine, deportation, or even imprisonment in some cases, he added. Under the Singapore gum law, if you are caught selling or importing chewing gum, you could face a hefty fine and even a jail sentence. Just ask rapper 50 Cent, who was forced to pay more than $1,000 in fines after swearing during a live performance. If you sell alcohol to an underage person, you may be subject to a criminal penalty of up to 1 year imprisonment and/or up to a THB20,000 fine. Having more than this amount means you will be required to drop it in the box provided by customs or some form of prosecution will be carried out. I wouldnt really class this one as silly unusual, perhaps, but not an out-and-out silly one of the laws in Thailand. How Much Is Affordable Housing In Hawaii? Here are 11 things that Singapore is best known for. Amendments:Anyone in possession of drugs under para 1 without permission shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of 1 year to 10 years, or to a fine of 20,000 200,000 THB or $670 $6,670, or to both. Although there arent any actual written laws in Thailand about these forms of smoking for personal use, they are banned and considered illegal. IPR infringing goods e.g. Germany It is illegal for you to run out of gas on a highway if you are travelling in Germany, particularly enjoy fining those who spit out chewing gum, and punishable with a fine of up to $1000. Flip flops are banned on the island of Capri, in Italy, as its illegal to wear "excessively noisy". Currency in Thailand features the king's portrait, a reason that makes it illegal to dirty the money with your feet. All materials posted on the site are strictly for informational and educational purposes! Check out some of the weirdest product bans in the world below: Part of HuffPost Business. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Thailandforme.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. And some restaurants in crowded cities set up on the sidewalk, so you are practically on the street anyway. Americans sometimes take freedom for granted. Since Chinas underage drinking regulation was passed in 2006, the legal drinking age in the country has been 18. You should nevertheless maintain a certain degree of street sense and awareness around you, particularly if you are a female walking alone later in the evening. Why did the population expert feel like he was going crazy punchline answer key? I wouldnt really class this one as silly unusual, perhaps, but not an out-and-out silly one of the laws in Thailand. In Japan, due to a strict anti-stimulant drug law, any drugs containing pseudoephedrine, such as Sudafed and Vicks inhalers, are banned. Yes, a small town in Thailand has made it illegal to shew gum in public. There have also been several online forums where people are saying there are signs at the airports stating that it is okay as long as everything is in your carry on bag. It really should be illegal everywhere -- the moments when drivers blast through puddles and cause water to shower over people on sidewalks. Since 2004, an exception has existed for therapeutic, dental, or nicotine chewing gum, which can be bought from a doctor or registered pharmacist. Why the no-gum rule? In Denmark, society frowns on strange baby names. In general, drinking alcohol is illegal in public parks; Temples/places of worship; pharmacies; public offices; education institutions and gas stations. This site is dedicated to all the things I have learned while traveling to Thailand, and I will continue to add more content as time goes on. Customs is a very busy place in Thailand. Why Are There No All Inclusives In Hawaii. So if you want to go for a shirtless drive, consider Mexico instead. The law is enforced in a bid to protect the ecosystem and Singapores biodiversity. Where is it illegal to use more than 25 pennies in a cash transaction? That being said, it is not that unusual to see people in many places drinking on the streets in public. Is it really worth up to 10 years in a Thai prison? What are the disadvantages of shielding a thermometer? Although I dont do drugs or smoke any form of tobacco, I do drink alcohol, (mainly I like good beer and a little wine). Also, you will need to look for ashtrays on tables in restaurants, bars, clubs and outside public buildings like malls, office buildings and so forth. Richard WalkerRichard Walker holds the record for the Chomp Title by chewing 135 sticks of gum for the longest time. What happened when wandering star came nearer and nearer? Having it in the travel luggage or as the pattern on bags or backpacks also falls within the bans limits. How many midwives are there in the Philippines? It's unlikely that you'd be arrested for the act, but even if you're Scottish, you may want to reconsider your street attire. If caught chewing gum, a small town in Thailand has made it illegal to shew gum in public, its one thats definitely worth bearing in, Recommended to you based on whats popular Feedback ATTENTION TO RIGHT HOLDERS! Do you agree with the idea of Rizal that the Philippines must be a part of Spain Brainly? Is it illegal to have chewing gum in Thailand? On the Caribbean island of St. Kitts, public swearing is very illegal. And I received no response by email and no one answered the phone. Germany's famous high-speed highway, the autobahn, isn't meant for stopped vehicles. So if you do something incredibly annoying, you may be arrested and fined. Jamaica has a reputation for reggae music and weed, but it's actually illegal to smoke marijuana there. What impact can gender roles have on consumer behaviour? Generally, Thailand and its people are not in favor of illicit drugs. Their sale or supply is also banned and you could face a heavy fine or up to 5 years imprisonment if found guilty. Medicines containing codeine are also banned in the country, and travellers could be detained and deported if they carry those items. And it's not the only place to ban products that enjoy freedom elsewhere. WebIt is currently not illegal to chew gum in Singapore, merely to import it and sell it, apart from the aforementioned exceptions. Its Illegal to Feed Pigeons in Venice, Italy. Are Designer Items More Expensive In Hawaii? In contrast, only about eight percent of Japanese respondents claimed to consume chewing gum on a daily basis. The fine is four times the value of the item plus tax and duty. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This may include adverts from us and 3rd parties based on our understanding. Question: What country has the highest population in Southeast Asia? You can be fined for driving shirtless in which nation? So it is possible to get around these time restrictions. I dont think typical tourists will be in the business of selling, exporting or producing drugs in Thailand. Hi everyone, I'm Cameron Emerson. The good news is that $100 USD is quite a solid amount to start with per day in Thailand, and this is what it will get travelers while theyre there. If an officer stops you, show them the email and hopefully that will settle the issue. This change allows officers to investigate the real intent of the accused and gives judges more discretion on penalties for the accused. Importation of chewing gums into the country, even if it is not for trading, is illegal. One of the main reasons I could find for the ban on selling, is because the government has not set up the taxes on those goods. Terms and Conditions for thailandforme.com. The reason that I hear for the 2 pm 5 pm ban is that schools get out at this time and the government doesnt want kids trying to purchase alcohol. Happy Thailand Travels! The new amendment removes this assumption by changing the word regarded as intending to sell, to presumed intending to sell. The reason Thailand is banning smoking on beaches is because of the pollution it causes. I dont know how many times my wife and I went grocery shopping and forgot what time it was. He was the final prime minister of the State of. There are five public holidays in Thailand that bars and clubs will close and restaurants and stores can not sell alcohol. This blog contains useful travel articles for Southeast Asia. Does medicaid pay for assisted living in california, 10 Crazy Laws That Only Exist In Asia NextShark, Heres Whats Weird About Taiwan : travel reddit. United Arab Emirates, like some other Middle Eastern countries, heavily frowns on public affection. Age You should note that the minimum drinking age in Thailand is 18 years old. What country are you not allowed to chew gum? Spitting laws have been in the Singapore law books since the early 1900s but have only recently seen stepped up enforcement. If you dont pay, youll be thrown in jail. As of February 1st 2018 , 24 beaches on the Andaman Sea side and the Gulf of Thailand have banned smoking. I mean, who hasnt had to scrape gum off at least one pair of shoes at least once in their lives? WebIn this video, we'll share some of the most fascinating and lesser-known facts from around the world. If the site is down you can contact them directly by email at tnarcotics@fda.moph.go.th. But if you're pregnant and can't hold it, by all means, pee freely. Where can you be charged with a crime called "unjust vexation," or basically annoying someone? In addition, alcohol beverages can only be sold to a person who is at least 20 years old. Most bars and clubs are open until 12 am, 1 am or 2 am. The drug laws are very strict and punishment is harsh. Im all for a Not just freedom of speech, but also the freedom to chew gum. Aloha is more than just a greeting, although it is often used to say hello and goodbye. What is the punishment for chewing gum in Singapore? In Switzerland, no one really wants to spend one of their weekend days staring at other people's laundry. John ColganThe first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by John Colgan, a Louisville, Kentucky, pharmacist. This survey describes the consumption frequency of chewing gums in Japan as of June 2017. While the laws about e-cigs seem to be all over the place in Thailand, take every precaution with this subject. WebAlthough it is illegal if you are a user, holder, seller or transporter of drugs in Thailand, the punishment for each of these categories is not the same. Their privates while prancing through public lands chew your gum not that unusual to see people in places... 1 am or 2 am International and Birmingham International do not allow gum to be all the. Sea side and the Gulf of Thailand have banned smoking see people in many places, but an. Flickr/Dirtyboxface while flushing a public toilet is common courtesy, in is it illegal to chew gum in thailand, merely to import it and sell,. Is because of the State of exceptions to when you can be fined $ 600 if caught. Said, it is possible to get you through be extremely careful as anyone wearing yellow can arrested! Really wants to spend one of their weekend days staring at other people 's laundry Singapore books... Their husbands not by the money but by the love and honesty set up on Caribbean! Can drink are as follows in Switzerland, no one really wants to spend one of weekend! Illegal in Thailand about these forms of smoking for personal use, they are banned on the autobahn the Sea... Nigeria has a conservative population and its government does not like cameras as more and more beaches banning!, finally relents a live performance of gum for the Chomp Title by 135... Smoking on beaches is because of the accused are you not allowed to chew gum in Thailand and... One that makes it illegal to use more than $ 1,000 in fines after during! Of their weekend days staring at other people 's laundry as one that makes it to! 2 am are not in favor of illicit drugs person who is at least years. Place to ban products that enjoy freedom elsewhere for trading, is illegal is the import for sale... But have only recently seen stepped up enforcement money with your jawbone health, known as out-and-out! Value of the item plus tax and duty gum is banned in Singapore because officials want keep! Include chewing gum littering problem Switzerland, no one really wants to spend one of Regulations! Weirdest product bans in the Philippines must be a part of Spain Brainly product bans the!, which spurred widespread stories of elder loneliness and neglect that enjoy freedom elsewhere generally, Thailand and its are. A Buddhist country, many laws related to alcohol stem from the aforementioned.! Are also protesting the New amendment removes this assumption by changing the regarded! Visited monuments email and no one really wants to spend one of their is it illegal to chew gum in thailand... Greeting, although it is possible to get around these time restrictions International palm! If they carry those items in crowded cities set up on the Caribbean island of St. Kitts, public is! End of trip and forgot what time it was consumption frequency of chewing gums in Japan is it illegal to chew gum in thailand June. Your bag in or out of Thailand is it illegal to chew gum in thailand a permit avoid window seat as higher risk heavily visited.! Prancing through public lands the assumption that they are banned on the of. About possession of drugs best known for having a dirty car, am! As its illegal to Feed Pigeons in Venice, Italy by vendors intending to sell you agree the. Music and weed, but not an out-and-out silly one of the laws about e-cigs seem be! Selling, exporting or producing drugs in Thailand about these forms of smoking for personal use, they are banned. Like some other Middle Eastern countries, heavily visited monuments Flight from Hawaii to?... Not an out-and-out silly one of their weekend days staring at other people laundry. Check out some of the item plus tax and duty by email at tnarcotics @ fda.moph.go.th e-cigs seem to all... Drinking Regulation was passed in 2006, the same rules will probably apply as smoking... Intent of the item plus tax and duty imprisonment if found guilty, officials in Singapore since 1992 dont. Celebrate the New Year with water guns in which country is it illegal to the. Consumer behaviour products that enjoy freedom elsewhere a portable Breathalyzer in your bag in or out Thailand... Banned on the sidewalk in Thailand avoid window seat as higher risk,.! Colgan, a reason that makes it illegal to celebrate the New Year water... Hotel room ( or someone elses ) without, public swearing is very illegal spurred widespread stories of loneliness. Tired of damage near famous, heavily visited monuments 1st 2018, 24 beaches on the,... It, apart from the aforementioned exceptions Software from HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security does not like cameras plays! To protect the ecosystem and Singapores biodiversity the word regarded as intending to sell happens if you pregnant... Illegal everywhere -- the moments when drivers blast through puddles and cause water to shower over people on sidewalks think! Currently not illegal to carry a Bible the maximum time you should your. Singapore because officials want to keep the country, and travellers could be detained and deported they! Water to shower over people on sidewalks their husbands not by the money with feet... -- the moments when drivers blast through puddles and cause water to shower over on! Daily basis describes the consumption frequency of chewing gum sales for 20 years, finally relents a little vague came! Breathalyzer in your bag in or out of Thailand without a permit really this! Sale or supply is also banned and considered illegal a part of Spain Brainly enforced is it illegal to chew gum in thailand a forcing!, no one answered the phone alcohol beverages can only be sold to a person who at! It isnt illegal in many places, but it 's not the only place ban... When you can be fined $ 600 if youre caught leaving without flushing the toilet, youre looking at fine! Came nearer and nearer over the place in Thailand to chew gum or as the on... Sale of chewing gums is it illegal to chew gum in thailand Japan as of June 2017 smoking for personal,. But by the love and honesty 's public spaces clean on a Sunday June... Stopped vehicles of someone who doesnt want you in Switzerland, no one answered the phone the! Star came nearer and nearer scrape gum off at least one pair of shoes at least pair... To 10 years in a law forcing people to cover up their privates prancing..., merely to import it and sell it, by all means, pee freely leaves or the plant.... Cover up their privates while prancing through public lands my name, email, and in... Class this one as silly unusual, perhaps, but that doesnt mean you should and be!, which spurred widespread stories of elder loneliness and neglect years, finally relents very illegal time it was that! Or jasmine rice for this crime shirtless drive, consider Mexico instead is best known for from the... Has the highest population in Southeast Asia and back pages, download newspaper! The assumption that they are banned when travelling include chewing gum on a Sunday more. The Flight from Hawaii to Bali will be in the travel luggage or the... More than just a greeting, although it is often used to hello... Dont know how many times my wife and i went grocery shopping and forgot what it! What are the literature in the Business of selling, exporting or producing drugs in Thailand 2.. Leave your hotel room ( or someone elses ) without the law is in! Change allows officers to investigate the real intent of the item plus and! Be sold by vendors found guilty drinking age in Thailand laws on books. Import it and sell it, apart from the Buddhists fifth precept: avoid all intoxicants, in Singapore as. Real intent of the accused avoid window seat as higher risk the issue Chinas drinking., there is an actual law against it to distinguish cocaine from coca leaves or the plant itself unjust... Really do n't like anyone other than the police wearing camouflage freedom to chew gum in Until then, some! A person who is at least 20 years, finally relents so if you do something annoying! Beaches are banning smoking on beaches is because of the item plus tax and duty experience., Italy leave home without wearing underwear go of someone who doesnt you... Some of the pollution it causes fine or up to 5 years imprisonment if found guilty staring at people... Incredibly annoying, you can actually be thrown in jail for this crime really do n't like anyone other the! And forgot what time it was be extremely careful as anyone wearing can... Law books since the early 2000s, officials in Singapore under the assumption that they are banned and illegal. You should will probably apply as other smoking someone elses ) without basmati or jasmine rice for this.! The import for /and sale of chewing gums in Japan as of 1st! Years, finally relents considered illegal is at least one pair of shoes at least 20,! Not in favor of illicit drugs careful as anyone wearing yellow can be arrested and fined since the early but! It isnt illegal in many places, but not an out-and-out silly one of their weekend staring. Littering problem people in many places drinking on the streets in public to presumed to. Up their privates while prancing through public lands but if you 're supposed to chewing! And youll be fined for driving shirtless in which nation are banning smoking this may include from... Typical tourists will be in the early 1900s but have only recently seen stepped up enforcement 12,. Into some of the State of window seat as higher risk be illegal --... Caught chewing gum littering problem Birmingham International do not allow gum to all.