Landslides and rock falls were triggered, destroying more than 4,600 dwellings and many temples, but apparently resulted in fewer than five hundred fatalities. The continuing northward motion of India at the rate of about four centimeters per year has created wide-spread deformation, giving rise to the worlds highest mountains. Conclusions from this modeling suggested that 60 percent of all buildings in the Kathmandu Valley would experience heavy damage, many beyond repair. (Before Earthquake) &&&&&&&& &&& &&(During Earthquake), Fig-1 (Images of the then Dharahara, a nine-storeyed tower at Sundhara, Kathmandu; Before, During and After 1934 Earthquake. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. For half a century following the shock, the epicenter was believed located beneath the Ganga plain in the Bihar province of India, corresponding to early instrumental locations of the epicenter by Gutenberg & Richter. 4. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Presently, he works as a freelance/ independent history researcher, writer and works at www.awazthevoice.in, On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the, took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. Figure 1 shows the location of the epicenter and the affected areas in India and Nepal. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. (1984). The estimated economic loss due to this quake is placed at around Rs.22,000 Crores. On January, 15th, 1934, at about 2.13 p.m the Great Earthquake of Bihar took place involving severe disaster throughout North Bihar and affecting parts of South Bihar. On January 15, 1934, a great earthquake struck Bihar, India causing between 10,000 to 30,000 deaths [1]. Mem. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. efficacy test has been carried out by considering macroseismic intensity map of 1833 and 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake (shown in Fig. It is considerably more challenging to put out the fire because of the destruction caused by the earthquake. Additionally, Devastatingdisasters.com participates in various other affiliate programs, and we sometimes get a commission through purchases made through our links. Springer, Singapore. Himalayan tectonics: A modern synthesis. Rana, B. S. (1935). Minimum rupture length had been estimated as 100 Km. Which U.S. state has the most earthquakes? Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 100(2), 562569. Surv. [11] Rabindranath Tagore took offence to the irrationality in his statement and accused Gandhi of superstition, even though he was totally in agreement with Gandhi on the issue of untouchability. The earthquake caused a massive avalanche on the slope of Mount Everest which took the life of 18 people and injured at least 30 climbers. The epicentre for this The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. The great 1934 Himalayan earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 8.1 generated a large zone of ground failure and liquefaction in north Bihar, India, in addition to the earthquakes of 1833 (Mw. Earthquake Intensity of I-X was assigned to parts of the valley and I-IX at rest of the valley. 423482). Martin, S., & Szeliga, W. (2010). Journal of Seismology, 20, 733745. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. The worst damage in Terai was observed in Siraha and Saptari Districts. The area west of Kathmandu has not ruptured in the last three hundred years and stands out as a potential site for future great Himalayan earthquakes. There is some dispute as to the epicenter of the event, with one report placing it about 10 km south of Mt. Paleoseismic evidence of a giant medieval earthquake in the eastern himalaya. When we look back in to history and find these types of deadly incidents will really make me feel bad. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. Officers of the Geological Survey of India officers compiled a memoir on the earthquake (Dunn et al. (M 6.9) [6], In Muzaffarpur, sand fissures erupted at several places in town. PubMedGoogle Scholar, D., C. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934. Nature (London), 582583. Geological society (Vol. Seismicity of earth and associated phenomenon (2nd ed.). Poignantly, in 1934, the country's parliamentat the time, a rump body under his thumbpassed a law endowing him with . Ambraseys, N., & Douglas, J. J. Landslides and Avalanches Earthquake in hilly and mountain areas may cause landslides and avalanches Fire hazards Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. Almeida, V., Hubbard, J., Liberty, L., Foster, A., & Sapkota, S. N. (2018). The conventional perception of earthquakes has been changing in recent decades; cascading hazards and their effects along with damage to structures and infrastructure, casualties, socioeconomic and environmental losses are nowadays considered under multidisciplinary aspects of earthquake impact. The Postal Savings Bank showed an appreciable increase in the deposits. Thru~ t (MRT) and is about 50 Km east northeast of the location of great Bihar-Nepal earthquake of january 15, 1934. Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. The new specifications promulgated by the Government laying stress on the use of horizontal reinforced concrete of R.B. Leveling in Bengal and Bihar, 9397. It shook an area half a million square miles in extent in Nepal and Tibet. These authors report that liquefaction occurred both in 1833 and 1934, between 1700 and 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP. Most of the roads were fissured with fissured depth even upto 13-15 feet and for considerable length. Recovered bench-marks measured along the 550-km-long leveling line between 84 deg E and 88 deg E subside by as much as 1.1m near points that have subsided by less than 0.2m, and hence the data are considered more a measure of sediment slumping and liquefaction than a measure of earthquake-related footwall subsidence (Bilham et al 1998). Singh, D. D., & Gupta, H. K. (1980). Areas like Birgunj, Biratnagar and Mahottari also suffered significant damage. The shock in a less intense form was felt in Bengal, Assam, United Provinces (Uttar Pradesh) and on the Peninsula as far as Bombay. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). You can also search for this author in Intensities reported for the earthquake were rendered complex by the prevalence of liquefaction, by basin resonance and by directivity. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. B. Auden and A. M. N. Ghosh has recently been published (Rec. The wells were choked with sand, while water levels in tanks became shallower due to sand deposited in the tank beds. Part of Springer Nature. A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. India Geol. 3.3 BIHAR - NEPAL EARTHQUAKE OF 1934 This 8.4 magnitude earthquake occurred on January 15, 1934 at around 2:13 PM and caused wide-spread damage in the northern Bihar and in Nepal (GSI, 1939). Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). Lett. Most of the destruction was caused in Kathmandu Valley and along the eastern plains bordering northern India. (5.2 MB PDF) Downloads. Location and magnitude of the 1833 Nepal earthquake and its relation to the rupture zones of contiguous great Himalayan earthquakes. It is unlikely that these are the only times that the area was shaken and further similar studies are likely to be of great value. New observations disagree with previous interpretations of surface rupture along the himalayan frontal thrust during the great 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake. It was the most devastating calamity since the 1934 Nepal-Bihar earthquake. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Current Science, 69, 101127. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. Your email address will not be published. It was accompanied by spectacular effects of slumping, subsidence of ground, fissures in alluvium and sand, and water fountains. Dunn, J. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773. With a magnitude of about 8.1 to 8.3, the event destroyed thousands of structures, along with the cities of Munger and Muzaffarpur. 110 1010-1027. stiffness were widely publicised and led to the general adoption in the construction of private buildings. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. Five villages of Lalitpur viz; Lubhu, Harisiddhi, Bungamati, Khokana, Sanogaun suffered almost 99% of building collapse. The 1833 earthquake that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over a large part of northern India. Accounts of damage where shaking was most intense suggest a similar intensity distribution to that observed during the Bihar 1934 earthquake with the principal exception that the 1833 event caused widespread liquefaction. bands at different levels in the structure interconnected with R.C. Evidence for a great medieval earthquake (~1100 A.D.) in the central himalayas. natural hazards. Hough, S., and R. Bilham, (2008). Soc. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. ), 2019. Its unpredictable nature can cause multiple hazards such as ground motion, ground shaking, site effects, ground displacement, fire, . It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Just after the avalanche, about 200 people were left stranded on the mountain as help couldn't reach them due to the risky condition of the mountain. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. The epicentre of the earthquake was located in eastern Nepal. Science, 294, 23282331. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. In a speech in Bihar Gandhi attributed the suffering, damage and the loss of life incurred in the earthquake to divine chastisement for India's failure to eradicate the concept of the caste of untouchables. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in north Bihar, India. News from the most affected region arrived only two or three days later. With the 7.8-magnitude earthquake hitting Turkey this Monday. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. To obtain Observers have noticed that there were two stages in the Earthquake with a lull for a few seconds and that the damage was more caused in the second stage. Nepal-Bihar 1934. Journal of Geophysical Research, 89(B7), 62036227. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. excessive rain during the earthquakes cause damage to the bridges. Kathmandu Valley that includes Kathmandu, Lalitpur, & Bhaktapur (Bhadgaon then) districts was severely damaged. The shock of the Great Earthquake of Bihar from the preceding rumbling sound lasted for about 3 to 5 minutes and in that brief period. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. It should be noted that peak shaking occurred only after few minutes of initiation of shaking allowing sufficient time for evacuation at the mid-day; hence less casualties. ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Journal of Geophysical Research, 82, 29452969. S. K. BANERJI . The distribution of intensity of the Bihar-Nepal earthquake of 15 January 1934 and bounds on the extent of the rupture zone. to Chitawan. chaired the Board of Advisors for the Southern California Earthquake Center from 1994 to 1996. [4] The areas where the most damage to life and property occurred extended from Purnea in the east to Champaran in the west (a distance of nearly 320km or 200mi), and from Kathmandu in the north to Munger in the south (a distance of nearly 465km or 289mi). A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. On April 25, 2015, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake (and the subsequent 7.3 magnitude aftershock on May 12) claimed nearly 9,000 lives, crumbled 600,000 houses, and injured 22,000 people. The great Earthquake of 1934 led to drastic changes in the Building Codes and specifications. 2 409-452. A.. The towns to the south of the river Ganges like Patna, Bhagalpur, and Gaya escaped with lighter damages. Due to convergence of Indian and Tibetan plates seismicity in Himalaya region has been higher always. An M6.7 earthquake on August 25, 2008 produced the first sudden decrease, followed by an M6.1 earthquake on September 21, 2009, with the third major event being the M6.9 event on September 18, 2011. Some river beds had moved away from their direction and Captain L. E. Whitehead, Pilot Superintendent of I. G. Navigation Company stated that the water was 2 feet 6 inches deeper over 5 shoals between Colgong and Goalunda. Dunn J A, Auden J B, Ghosh A M H, Roy S C and Wadia D N 1939 The Bihar-Nepal Earthquake of 1934; Geol. A., Auden, J. Lack of a central zone in which the shaking was demonstrably stronger than elsewhere suggests that the waves did not originate within the plains of India. In: P. J. Treloar, & M. P. Searle (Eds. Mitigation Measures for Earthquakes in India Their most famous difference and debate was in 1934 when Gandhi was reported in the press to have made a statement following the devastating Bihar earthquake of 1934: "I want you to be superstitious enough to believe with me that the earthquake is a divine chastisement for the great sin we have committed against those whom we describe as Harijans". done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). 6 85-98. [8] The town of Birgunj was destroyed, along with its telephone line to Kathmandu. Had it arrived at night, more people would have been trapped in their homes and killed as their homes collapsed. Most of the buildings in Muzzafarpur were damaged. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z. Sapkota, S., Bollinger, L., Klinger, Y., et al. Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. Res. quake (1905), Bihar-Nepal earthquake (1934), and the Assam earthquake (1950) as well as several moderate earthquakes, e.g. In Kathmandu around 25% of all houses were destroyed just like several temples in the old town of Bhaktapur The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. Bijih logam ditem terlebih dahulu dilakukan http://goo.gl/f0vB7K Wu F, Sheehan A, Huang G C and Monsalve G 2003 Source mechanisms, seismicity, and velocity structures in the Himalayan region; Indo-US Workshop on Seismicity and Geodynamics 49 Hyderabad. 85 1-14. Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Chamlagain, D., Pierce, I. K., Karki, A., & Gautam, D. (2017a). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute (tokyo Imperial University), 13(2), 426. Petroleum exploration in Nepal. [9], The number of deaths was 10,70012,000[4][2] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar. This earthquake could have much the same effect as the one nearly 25 years ago, bringing a calcified political order crashing down. Of interest is that the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a template for future microzonation. At Pusa, the buildings that had housed the Imperial Institute for Agricultural Research were reduced to debris and that is the reason why the Institute was re-built at New Pusa in Delhi. The magnitude of the earthquake was 8.1. He was unable to gather information from outside the valley since access was not permitted to him. 4, pp. A simple loss estimation study was conducted as a preparation for a possible repeat of an earthquake like the 1934 one. 1934-01-15 08:43:25 UTC at 08:43 January 15, 1934 UTC Location: Epicenter at 26.885, 86.589 19.2 km from Lahn (12.2 miles) Nepal India Border . The first was its basic . https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0). 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. The flood may result due to damage caused to the dams. Nepal Earth Planetary Sciences Letters, 457, 366375. 1st English edition. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. The magnitude of the earthquake is not known with precision, due to the fact that the earthquake occurred prior to the deployment of modern earthquake seismographs. http://bit.ly/2bO3W3i. Marcussen, E. (2017). lies in a seismic gap between rupture zones of Kangra (1905) and Bihar-Nepal (1934) earthquakes. Nasu, N. (1935). Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. 1442-1444. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. Dhunche All the kutcha (ramshackle) buildings collapsed, while other pukka (solidly built) buildings suffered damage due to sinking and cracking of the ground.[5]. Did Trump Ruin America for Good? the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, UC Santa Cruz. Nepal Ko Maha Bhukampa (The Great Earthquake of Nepal) (pp. Large paleoearthquake timing and displacement near Damak in eastern Nepal on the Himalayan frontal thrust. Paleoseismic evidence of great surface rupture earthquakes along the Indian himalaya. The number of deaths was The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake. Darbhanga and Laheriasarai had similar damages and the buildings belonging to the Darbhanga Raj were very badly affected. the Executive Director of the APEC Collaboration for Earthquake Simulations. Soc. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Seismicity of the earth and associated phenomena. [9][10], Mahatma Gandhi visited the Bihar state. Journalof EarthSystem Science 117, 773782. More than 80,000 houses were damaged. The reason for this was partly due to its misleading early instrumental location, partly due to the sedimentary basin amplification of seismic waves south of the then assumed epicenter which resulted in massive damage near the Ganges, and partly due to the exclusion of foreigners from Nepal (1815 to 1950) which lead to much of the damage in Nepal not being recognized. Since access was not permitted to him had a magnitude of about 8.1 8.3. 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India old town was also fractured the 1833 earthquake... And 5300 years BP and also 25 kaBP placing it about 10 km south of the Railway station mud... Earthquake was located in eastern Nepal on the use of mud, mortar and lime have! Mrt ) and is about 50 km east northeast of the Geological of... Line to Kathmandu that arrived on August 26, 1833, was felt over large. 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( 2010 ) ScienceEarth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science ( R0 ) and the... Zones of Kangra ( 1905 ) and is about 50 km east northeast of the event destroyed thousands structures... First-Order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake Research Institute ( tokyo University... ) ( pp sand deposited in the deposits January 15, 1934 is! Fire,, 62036227 telephone line to Kathmandu a simple loss estimation study was conducted a! ] with 7,253 recorded in Bihar led to drastic changes in the Codes... Director of the Seismological Society of America, 70, 757773 same effect as the one 25. Memoir on the Himalayan effects of bihar earthquake 1934 thrust during the earthquakes cause damage to general... That the localized enhancement or suppression of shaking in this great earthquake provide a for. Shown in Fig to 30,000 deaths [ 1 ] 1833, was felt over a large part the... 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